Neil Armstrong
Neil Alden Armstrong was the first
person to walk on the Moon, as well as an American astronaut, test pilot,
aerospace engineer, university professor and United States Naval Aviator.
Education:
|
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
John H. Glenn Research
Center
Lewis Field
Cleveland , Ohio 44135
Neil A. Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, was born inWapakoneta ,
Ohio , on August 5, 1930. He began
his NASA career in Ohio .
After serving as a naval aviator from 1949 to 1952, Armstrong joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1955. His first assignment was with theNACA
Lewis Research
Center (now NASA Glenn) in Cleveland . Over the next
17 years, he was an engineer, test pilot, astronaut and administrator for NACA
and its successor agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA).
As a research pilot at NASA'sFlight Research
Center , Edwards, Calif. , he was a project pilot on many
pioneering high speed aircraft, including the well known, 4000-mph X-15. He has
flown over 200 different models of aircraft, including jets, rockets,
helicopters and gliders.
Armstrong transferred to astronaut status in 1962. He was assigned as command pilot for the Gemini 8 mission. Gemini 8 was launched on March 16, 1966, and Armstrong performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in space.
As spacecraft commander for Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing mission, Armstrong gained the distinction of being the first man to land a craft on the moon and first to step on its surface.
Armstrong subsequently held the position of Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics, NASA Headquarters,Washington , D.C.
In this position, he was responsible for the coordination and management of
overall NASA research and technology work related to aeronautics.
He was Professor of Aerospace Engineering at theUniversity of
Cincinnati between
1971-1979. During the years 1982-1992, Armstrong was chairman of Computing
Technologies for Aviation, Inc., Charlottesville ,
Va.
He received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Aeronautical Engineering fromPurdue University and a Master of Science in Aerospace
Engineering from the University
of Southern California .
He holds honorary doctorates from a number of universities.
Armstrong was a Fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and the Royal Aeronautical Society; Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the International Astronautics Federation.
He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the Academy of theKingdom
of Morocco . He served as
a member of the National Commission on Space (1985-1986), as Vice-Chairman of
the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident (1986),
and as Chairman of the Presidential Advisory Committee for the Peace Corps
(1971-1973).
Armstrong was decorated by 17 countries. He was the recipient of many special honors, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom; the Congressional Gold Medal; the Congressional Space Medal of Honor; the Explorers Club Medal; the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy; the NASA Distinguished Service Medal; the Harmon International Aviation Trophy; the Royal Geographic Society's Gold Medal; the Federation Aeronautique Internationale's Gold Space Medal; the American Astronautical Society Flight Achievement Award; the Robert J. Collier Trophy; the AIAA Astronautics Award; the Octave Chanute Award; and the John J. Montgomery Award.
Armstrong passed away on Aug. 25, 2012 following complications resulting from cardiovascular procedures. He was 82. August 2012
Lewis Field
Neil A. Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, was born in
After serving as a naval aviator from 1949 to 1952, Armstrong joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1955. His first assignment was with the
As a research pilot at NASA's
Armstrong transferred to astronaut status in 1962. He was assigned as command pilot for the Gemini 8 mission. Gemini 8 was launched on March 16, 1966, and Armstrong performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in space.
As spacecraft commander for Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing mission, Armstrong gained the distinction of being the first man to land a craft on the moon and first to step on its surface.
Armstrong subsequently held the position of Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics, NASA Headquarters,
He was Professor of Aerospace Engineering at the
He received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Aeronautical Engineering from
Armstrong was a Fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and the Royal Aeronautical Society; Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the International Astronautics Federation.
He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the Academy of the
Armstrong was decorated by 17 countries. He was the recipient of many special honors, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom; the Congressional Gold Medal; the Congressional Space Medal of Honor; the Explorers Club Medal; the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy; the NASA Distinguished Service Medal; the Harmon International Aviation Trophy; the Royal Geographic Society's Gold Medal; the Federation Aeronautique Internationale's Gold Space Medal; the American Astronautical Society Flight Achievement Award; the Robert J. Collier Trophy; the AIAA Astronautics Award; the Octave Chanute Award; and the John J. Montgomery Award.
Armstrong passed away on Aug. 25, 2012 following complications resulting from cardiovascular procedures. He was 82. August 2012
Neil Armstrong was born in Wapakoneta ,
Ohio , on August 5, 1930. After
serving in the Korean War and then finishing college, he joined the
organization that would become NASA. He joined the astronaut program in 1962
and was command pilot for his first mission, Gemini VIII, in 1966. He was
spacecraft commander for Apollo 11, the first manned lunar mission, and the
first man to walk on the moon. He died in 2012.
QUOTES
I
believe that the Good Lord gave us a finite number of heartbeats and I'm damned
if I'm going to use up mine running up and down a street.
– Neil Armstrong
Military Service
Astronaut Neil Armstrong developed a fascination with flight at
an early age and earned his student pilot's license when he was 16. In 1947,
Armstrong began his studies in aeronautical engineering at Purdue University
on a U.S. Navy scholarship.
His studies, however, were interrupted in 1949 when he was
called to serve in the Korean War. A U.S. Navy pilot, Armstrong flew 78 combat
missions during this military conflict. He left the service in 1952, and
returned to college. A few years later, Armstrong joined the National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which later became the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA). For this government agency he worked in a
number of different capacities, including serving as a test pilot and an
engineer. He tested many high-speed aircraft, including the X-15, which could
reach a top speed of 4,000 miles per hour.
Astronaut Program
In his personal life, Armstrong started
to settle down. He married Janet Shearon on January 28, 1956. The couple soon
added to their family. Son Eric arrived in 1957, followed daughter Karen in
1959. Sadly, Karen died of complications related to an inoperable brain tumor
in January 1962. The following year, the Armstrongs welcomed their third child,
son Mark.
That same year, Armstrong joined the astronaut program. He and his family moved toHouston , Texas , and Armstrong served as the command
pilot for his first mission, Gemini VIII. He and fellow astronaut David Scott
were launched into the earth's orbit on March 16, 1966. While in orbit, they
were able to briefly dock their space capsule with the Gemini Agena target
vehicle. This was the first time two vehicles had successfully docked in space.
During this maneuver, however, they experienced some problems and had to cut
their mission short. They landed in the Pacific Ocean
nearly 11 hours after the mission's start, and were later rescued by the U.S.S.
Mason.
That same year, Armstrong joined the astronaut program. He and his family moved to
Moon Landing
Armstrong faced an even bigger challenge
in 1969. Along with Michael Collins and Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin,
he was part of NASA's first manned mission to the moon. The trio were launched
into space on July 16, 1969. Serving as the mission's commander, Armstrong
piloted the Lunar Module to the moon's surface on July 20, 1969, with Buzz Aldrin aboard. Collins remained on the
Command Module.
At 10:56 PM, Armstrong exited the Lunar Module. He said,
"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," as he
made his famous first step on the moon. For about two and a half hours,
Armstrong and Aldrin collected samples and conducted experiments. They also
took photographs, including their own footprints.
Returning on July 24, 1969, the Apollo 11 craft came down in the
Pacific Ocean west of Hawaii .
The crew and the craft were picked up by the U.S.S. Hornet, and the three
astronauts were put into quarantine for three weeks.
Before long, the three Apollo 11 astronauts were given a warm
welcome home. Crowds lined the streets of New
York City to cheer on the famous heroes who were
honored in a ticker-tape parade. Armstrong received numerous awards for his
efforts, including the Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Space Medal of
Honor.
Later Contributions
Armstrong remained with NASA, serving as deputy associate
administrator for aeronautics until 1971. After leaving NASA, he joined the
faculty of the University
of Cincinnati as a
professor of aerospace engineering. Armstrong remained at the university for
eight years. Staying active in his field, he served as the chairman of
Computing Technologies for Aviation, Inc., from 1982 to 1992.
Helping out at a difficult time,
Armstrong served as vice chairman of the Presidential Commission on the space
shuttle Challenger accident in 1986. The commission investigated the explosion
of the Challenger on January 28, 1986, which took the lives of its crew,
including school teacher Christa McAuliffe.
Born on his
grandparents’ farm in Auglaize County ,
Ohio , Neil Armstrong was the
eldest of three children. His family moved several times before settling in
Wapakoneta when Neil was 13. He had been interested in airplanes since the age
of 6 when he took his first flight in a Ford Tri-Motor. He undertook all sorts
of jobs in the town and at the local airport to scrape together the money for
flying lessons. He received his pilot’s licence on his 16th birthday.
Following graduation
from Blame High
School in 1947 he entered Purdue University
with a US Navy scholarship. Although he had started work on an aeronautical
engineering degree he was called up for active service in 1949. He was awarded
his jet wings at Pensacola Naval Air Station, in Florida in 1950. He was then sent to Korea
and flew 78 combat missions from the USS Essex in Navy Grumman F9F Panthers He
received the Air Medal and two Gold Stars.
Before the war was
over he returned to university to complete his Bachelor of Science degree in
Aeronautical Engineering in 1955. Later he obtained a Masters Degree in Aero
Space Engineering from the University
of Southern California .
Upon leaving military
service Armstrong became a civilian test pilot for NACA (later renamed NASA).
Amongst other test programmes perhaps his involvement with the North American
X-15 stands out. On 30 November 1960 Armstrong made his first flight in the
rocket propelled aircraft. He made a total of seven flights in X-15s reaching
an altitude of 63,245m (207,500 ft) and a Mach number of 5.74 (6410km/h-3989mph).
He left the NASA Dryden Flight
Research Center
with a total of 2450 flying hours in more than 50 aircraft types.
In 1962, while serving
as a test pilot, he was chosen to be a member of the astronaut corps. His first
space flight occurred in March 1966 aboard Gemini 8 when he served as command
pilot.
In July of 1969, Neil
Armstrong was the commander of Apollo 11, America 's first attempt to land a
manned vehicle on the Moon. On 20 July 1969 Armstrong and fellow astronaut
Edwin Aldrin successfully touched down on the lunar surface; Michael Collins
remained with the orbiter. As Armstrong stepped off the ladder and became the
first person to touch the Moon's surface, he said "That's one small step
for man; one giant leap for mankind". He and Aldrin remained on the Moon's
surface for 2.5 hours. Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom
in recognition of his accomplishments and his contributions to the space
programme.
He became Deputy
Association Administrator for Aeronautics at NASA’s, Headquarters Office of
Advanced Research and Technology in 1970 but in 1971 he resigned from NASA.
From 1971 to 1979 he was a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati . He currently lives quietly
on his farm in Lebanon , Ohio .
Quotes
That's one small step
for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.
Words said when he first stepped onto the moon. (20 July 1969) In the actual sound recordings he apparently says: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." which is generally considered an error on his part. Some have disputed this and Armstrong has said he did say "a man" but that it was inaudible.
Words said when he first stepped onto the moon. (20 July 1969) In the actual sound recordings he apparently says: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." which is generally considered an error on his part. Some have disputed this and Armstrong has said he did say "a man" but that it was inaudible.
Houston, Tranquility
Base here. The Eagle has landed. Apollo 11 20 July 1969
I believe that the
Good Lord gave us a finite number of heartbeats and I'm damned if I'm going to
use up mine running up and down a street.
I put up my thumb and
it blotted out the planet Earth.
It suddenly struck me
that that tiny pea, pretty and blue, was the Earth. I put up my thumb and shut
one eye, and my thumb blotted out the planet Earth. I didn't feel like a giant.
I felt very, very small.
Mystery creates wonder
and wonder is the basis of man's desire to understand.
In
one of the most famous remarks of the twentieth century, he called his first
movements on the moon "one small step for man, one giant leap for
mankind."
Childhood interests
Neil
Alden Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930, near Wapakoneta , Ohio .
He was the eldest of three children of Stephen and Viola Engel Armstrong.
Airplanes drew his interest from the age of six, when he took his first
airplane ride. He began taking flying lessons at age fourteen, and on his
sixteenth birthday he was issued a pilot's license. A serious pilot even at
that age, Armstrong built a small wind tunnel (a tunnel through which air is
forced at controlled speeds to study the effects of its flow) in the basement
of his home. He also performed experiments using the model planes he had made.
Through such activities he was preparing for what would be a distinguished
career in aeronautics, or the design, construction, and navigation of
aircrafts.
Armstrong
was also interested in outer space at a young age. His fascination was fueled
by a neighbor who owned a powerful telescope. Armstrong was thrilled with the views
of the stars, the Moon, and the planets he saw through this device.
Years of training
Armstrong
entered Indiana 's Purdue University
in 1947 with a U.S. Navy scholarship. After two years of study he was called to
active duty with the navy and won his jet pilot wings at Pensacola Naval Air
Station in Florida .
At twenty he was the youngest pilot in his squadron. He flew seventy-eight
combat missions during the Korean War, a civil war from 1950 to 1953 between
North and South Korea in
which China fought on the
Communist North Korean side and the United States
fought to assist South Korea .
After
the war Armstrong returned to Purdue and completed a degree in aeronautical
engineering in 1955. He immediately accepted a job with the Lewis Flight
Propulsion Laboratory of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)
in Cleveland , Ohio . A year later he married Janet Shearon.
Aeronautical career
Shortly
afterward Armstrong transferred to the NACA High Speed Flight Station at
Edwards Air Force Base in California .
Here he became a skilled test pilot and flew the early models of such jet
aircraft as the F-100, F-101, F-102, F-104, F-5D, and B-47. He was also a pilot
of the X-1B rocket plane, a later version of the first plane that broke through
the sound barrier (the dragging effect of air on a plane as it approaches the
speed of sound).
Becoming an astronaut
In
1962 Armstrong decided to become an astronaut and applied for NASA selection
and training. In September 1962 he became America 's first nonmilitary
astronaut. His first flight assignment as an astronaut was as a backup, or
alternate, pilot for Gordon Cooper of the Gemini
5 mission. (Space programs
created around a certain spacecraft type are given names such as Gemini or
Apollo, while individual missions within these programs are numbered, such as Gemini 5. )
Armstrong
continued his specialized training on the Gemini spacecraft and was selected as
the command pilot for the Gemini
8 mission. With copilot David
Scott he was launched from Cape Kennedy (now Cape Canaveral), Florida , on March 16, 1966. The Gemini 8 achieved orbit and docked as
planned with another orbiting vehicle, but shortly afterward the Gemini 8 went out of control. Armstrong
detached his craft, corrected the problem, and brought Gemini 8 down in the Pacific
Ocean only 1.1 nautical miles from the planned landing point.
Armstrong's
cool and professional conduct made a strong impression on his superiors as the
training for the Apollo program was developing. During a routine training
flight on the lunar (moon) landing research vehicle (a training device that
permits astronauts to maneuver a craft in a flight environment similar to that
in landing on the Moon), Armstrong's craft went out of control. He ejected
(forced out) himself and landed by parachute only yards away from the training
vehicle, which had crashed in flames. With his usual controlled emotions, he
walked away and calmly made his report.
Apollo 11 mission
In
January 1969 Armstrong was selected as commander for Apollo 11, the first lunar landing mission.
On July 16 at 9:32 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), Armstrong, with astronauts Michael
Collins and Edwin Aldrin, lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Apollo
11 passed into the gravitational influence
(pull of gravity) of the moon on July 18 and circled the moon twice. Armstrong
and Aldrin entered a lunar module (a small spacecraft) named the Eagle, which then disconnected from the
larger command and service module named Columbia . As they descended toward the lunar
surface, their computer became overloaded, but under instructions from the
mission control center in Houston ,
Texas , Armstrong managed to land
the module. At 4:17:40 P.M. EDT on July 20, a major portion of the Earth's population was
listening to Armstrong's radio transmission reporting that the Eagle had landed. At 10:56 P.M. he set foot on the moon, saying,
"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
Armstrong
and Aldrin spent nearly two and a half hours walking on the moon. The
astronauts set up various scientific instruments on the surface and left behind
a plaque (metal plate) reading, "Here men from the planet Earth first set
foot upon the Moon. We came in peace for all mankind." Armstrong and
Aldrin then returned to the Eagle and launched themselves to meet up
again with Collins, who had been orbiting in the Columbia spacecraft. On July 24 Columbia returned to earth.
Career after NASA
Apollo
11 was Armstrong's final space mission. He joined NASA's Office of Advanced
Research and Technology, where one of his main activities was to promote
research into controlling high-performance aircraft by computer. In 1971 he
began working at the University of Cincinnati in Ohio ,
where he spent seven years as a professor of aerospace engineering.
Armstrong
did continue some government work. In 1984 he was named to the National
Commission on Space, which completed a report outlining an ambitious future for
U.S.
space programs. He was also a leader of a government commission to investigate
the disastrous explosion of the Challenger space shuttle that occurred in
January 1986.
Armstrong
has worked for several corporations since his astronaut days, including a
position as chairman of AIL Systems, Inc., an aerospace electronics
manufacturer. In 1999 he was honored at a ceremony at the National Air and Space Museum
at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington ,
D.C. , where he received the Langley
Medal in honor of the thirtieth anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission. Armstrong
also makes occasional public appearances at the Neil
Armstrong Air
& Space Museum in
his hometown of Wapakoneta ,
Ohio .
Neil Armstrong was a hero "not just of his time, but of all time", President Barack Obama said Saturday as he led tributes to the former astronaut.
The death of Armstrong
at the age of 82 was met by a wave of eulogies as people paid respect to both
the man and his achievements as aspace pioneer.
NASA administrator
Charles Bolden commented: "As long as there are history books, Neil
Armstrong will be included in them," while fellow Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin said he was
"very saddened" to hear of the death of a "good friend".
Armstrong, not a man
usually inclined to get involved in politics, was known to be critical of the
current White House administration's space policy. But Obama put such
differences aside Saturday in a lavish tribute to the man who first set foot on the moon's surface.
In a statement, the president said: "Neil
was among the greatest of American heroes – not just of his time, but of all
time." He said that the the crew of the Apollo 11 mission in 1969
"carried with them the aspirations of an entire nation".
"When Neil stepped foot on the surface of
the moon for the first time, he delivered a moment of human achievement that
will never be forgotten," Obama added.
Likewise, Obama's Republican challenger for
the White House, Mitt Romney, paid tribute to the former astronaut, tweeting:
"Neil Armstrong today takes his place in the hall of heroes. The moon will
miss its first son of earth."
Michael Collins, who flew to the moon
alongside Aldrin and Armstrong, described his former colleague as "the
best", adding: "I will miss him terribly".
On Twitter, RIP Neil Armstrong was trending
within minutes of the news of his death breaking.
Rapper Snoop Dogg, who in 2009 teamed-up with
Buzz Aldrin to produce the track Rocket Experience commemorating the 40th
anniversary of the first lunar landing, was amongst those paying tribute
online. "RIP to my Unk Neil Armstrong! Stay high," the hip hop star
tweeted.
Bobak Ferdowsi, the flight director of the
Nasa's Mars Curiosity mission, whose mohawk haircut saw him become an internet
hit, tweeted: "RIP Neil Armstrong. Thank you for everything, for your
sacrifices, achievements and inspiration. We will try to carry on your
legacy."
In a statement, Armstrong's family issued a
simple request for those wishing to pay tribute and remember his achievement:
"Honour his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next
time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you,
think of Neil Armstrong, and give him a wink."
Death & Legacy
Despite being one of the most famous astronauts in history, Armstrong largely shied
away from the public eye. He gave a rare interview to the news program 60 Minutes in 2006. He described the moon to
interviewer Ed Bradley, saying "It's a brilliant surface in that
sunlight. The horizon seems quite close to you because the curvature is so much
more pronounced than here on earth. It's an interesting place to be. I
recommend it." That same year, his authorized biography came out. First Man: The Life of Neil A.
Armstrong was written by
James R. Hansen, who conducted interviews with Armstrong, his family, and his
friends and associates.
Even in his final years, Armstrong
remained committed to space exploration. The press-shy astronaut returned to
the spotlight in 2010 to express his concerns over changes made to the U.S.
space program. He testified in Congress against President Barack Obama's decision
to cancel the Constellation program, which included another mission to the
moon. Obama also sought to encourage private companies to get involved in the
space travel business and to move forward with more unmanned space missions.
Taking this new decision, Armstrong
said, would cost the United
States its leadership position in space
exploration. "America
is respected for its contributions it has made in learning to sail on this new
ocean. If the leadership we have acquired through our investment is simply
allowed to fade away, other nations will surely step in where we have faltered.
I do not believe that would be in our best interests," he told Congress,
according to a report onNewsHour.
Armstrong underwent a heart bypass operation in August 2012. A
few weeks later, on August 25, 2012, Neil Armstrong died of "complications
resulting from cardiovascular procedures" at the age of 82. He is survived
by his second wife Carol in Indian
Hill , Ohio , and his
two sons from his first marriage. He and his first wife divorced in 1994.
Shortly after his death, his family released a statement:
"For those who may ask what they can do to honor Neil, we have a simple
request. Honor his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next
time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you,
think of
Neil Armstrong and give him a wink."
News of Armstrong's death quickly spread around the world.
President Obama was among those offering their condolences to his family and
sharing their remembrances of the late space pioneer. "Neil was among the
greatest of American heroes—not just of his time, but of all time," Obama said,
according to the Los Angeles Times. His Apollo
11 colleague Buzz Aldrin said
that "I know I am joined by millions of others in mourning the passing of
a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew. My friend Neil took the
small step but giant leap that changed the world and will forever be remembered
as a landmark moment in human history," according to CBS News.
One Small Step
Reference:
[1] NASA - Biography of Neil Armstrong; http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/bios/neilabio.html
[2] Image Gallery; http://www.nasa.gov/topics/people/galleries/armstrong.html
[3] Neil Armstrong Biography- Facts, Birthday,Life Story; http://www.biography.com/people/neil-armstrong-9188943?page=1
[4] Biography of Neil Armstrong; http://www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/explore/biography.cfm?name=Armstrong,%20Neil
[5] Neil Armstrong Biography - childhood, children, young, information, born, time, year ; http://www.notablebiographies.com/An-Ba/Armstrong-Neil.html#b#ixzz24kKDK1jq
[6] Neil Armstrong – Ohio History Central ; http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry-images.php?rec=1817
[7] Neil Armstrong: Barack Obama leads tributes; http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/aug/26/neil-armstrong-tributes-obama
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